Biology 11 : Respiration Notes

Breathing (Inspiration and Expiration)

External Respiration - exchange of O2 and CO2 between air and blood

Internal Respiration - exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and cells of the surrounding tissue

Cellular Respiration - process that occurs in the mitochrondria of cells that relates usable energy to cells in form of ATP molecules

A sinus is a cavity ; liquid is stuck within the cavity and gets infected and swells. - Therefore symptoms appear.

Air and food need to go in different paths - the epiglottis cuts it off to different sides.

The trachea takes air in (different density) then food (functional-mechanism adapted)

involutinarily convulsive action - liquid

Breathing through the nasal cavity- mucous to warm and filter the air(sneeze, blow/spit)

Path of air

Nostrils

Nasal cavity - filters, warms and moistens air

Pharynx - connects nasal cavity and larynx

Glottis - opening of the trachea (windpipe) covered by epiglottis during swallowing

Larynx - contains vocal cords

Trachea - supported by semi-circular cartilage rings

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bronchus Tube - carries air to lung

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bronchiole - carries air to alveoli

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Alveolus - site of external respiration

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Captillary

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Each lung is divided into lobes ( right has three, left has only two)

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<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Enclosed in a sac or pleura consisting of two layers held together by surface tension of fluid between the layers

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pleurisy: inflammation of the pleura

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Boyle's Law: Relationship Between Pressure and Volume

Tidal Volume - the volume inhaled and exhaled in a normal breathing movement (about 500mL in humans)

Vital capacity - the maximum air volume that can be inhaled and exhaled during forced breathing (about 3400-4800mL depending on ses, size and fitness)

Residual volume - the amount of air that remains in the lungs after forced exhalation

Control of Breathing

Breathing is an automatic action. We inhale when nerves in the breathing control centres of the medulla oblongata and pons in the brain send impulses to the rib muscles or diaphragm stimulating the muscles to contract

Acidity in blood - CO2 level.

When the concentration of CO2 in the blood exceeds a certain level, the medulla oblongata and ppns send out nerve impulses to initiate faster movement of the muscles of the rib cage. At the same time other impulses are sent to the muscles controlling the diaphragram, making it move rapidly as well.

Oxygen circulation

10-14 times per minute minute-breathing rate